1. Academic Background The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of immunoregulatory mechanisms in respiratory viral infections. Despite vaccine advancements, the rapid mutation of SARS-CoV-2 continues to threaten public health. Studies indicate that severe COVID-19 cases are often associated with dysregulated immune responses rather tha...

Academic Background The continuous mutation of SARS-CoV-2 has posed ongoing challenges to the efficacy of vaccines and antibody therapies. Traditional evaluation methods can only test against existing variants and fail to predict future immune escape mutations. To address this, Noor Youssef and colleagues developed the EVE-Vax (Evolutionary Variant...

The Ongoing Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Drives Escape from mRNA Vaccine-Induced Humoral Immunity Academic Background Since its emergence in late 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has undergone continuous evolution, giving rise to multiple variants. These variants have enhanced their transmissibility and immune evasion capabilities through mutations, particularly agains...

Introduction Under the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic, mRNA vaccine technology has made significant advances. However, its short half-life and high dosage requirements have led to side effects and accessibility issues. To overcome these challenges, self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) has become a research hotspot. saRNA utilizes RNA-dependent RNA polym...

Dendritic-cell-targeting Virus-like Particles as Potent mRNA Vaccine Carriers Introduction In vaccine development, especially mRNA vaccines, significant achievements have been made in recent years. The mRNA vaccines developed by Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech against COVID-19 have set a successful precedent, greatly advancing the development of mRNA v...