Molecular Mechanisms of Gut Microbiota and Its Metabolites Mediating Endothelial Cell Senescence During Aging – Interpretation of Latest Results from Nature Aging I. Research Background and Significance Against the backdrop of a deeply aging human society, cardiovascular disease (CVD) has become one of the greatest health threats to the global elde...

1. Academic Background Since the origin of life, living organisms have needed to construct effective barriers to protect their cells from external physical and chemical damage. In the realms of bacteria and archaea, the surface layer (S-layer) is a universally present and exquisitely structured two-dimensional protein lattice that substitutes for t...

Light Adaptation Drives New Motility Patterns in Green Algae — A Review of “Intermediate light adaptation induces oscillatory phototaxis switching and pattern formation in Chlamydomonas” 1. Research Background and Scientific Questions Microswimmers at the microscopic scale, such as unicellular algae, bacteria, and sperm, are important ecological co...

New Discovery of Green Microswimmer: Oscillatory Phototaxis and Pattern Formation Induced by Light Adaptation — Review of “intermediate light adaptation induces oscillatory phototaxis switching and pattern formation in chlamydomonas” 1. Research and Academic Background Light, as a core environmental signal for living organisms, drives diverse behav...

1. Research Background The pathogenesis of chronic lung inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis remains unclear, particularly regarding the interaction between pulmonary commensal microbiota and the immune system. While interleukin-10 (IL-10), a key anti-inflammatory cytokine, has been extensively studied in gut homeostasis, its role in pulmonary immun...

1. Research Background Intestinal Th17 cells play a central role in maintaining mucosal immune homeostasis and defending against pathogen infections. Previous studies identified segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) as key microbes inducing intestinal Th17 cells, but controversies exist regarding SFB colonization in adult intestines: 1. Clinical Par...

Academic Background The continuous mutation of SARS-CoV-2 has posed ongoing challenges to the efficacy of vaccines and antibody therapies. Traditional evaluation methods can only test against existing variants and fail to predict future immune escape mutations. To address this, Noor Youssef and colleagues developed the EVE-Vax (Evolutionary Variant...

1. Research Background The envelope glycoprotein (Env) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies, but its high variability poses challenges for vaccine development. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) are rare in natural infections and typically require years to emerge. Although Env trimer m...

Academic Background Microbiomes are among the most diverse ecosystems on Earth, consisting of hundreds of functionally distinct microbial populations interacting through complex resource exchange networks. However, a long-standing unresolved question is: How is this extraordinary diversity maintained through metabolic interactions among populations...

Academic Background and Research Problem Microorganisms, as one of the most widely distributed forms of life on Earth, are closely related to oceans, soil, and the human body. The human body contains approximately 350 trillion microbial cells, which are intricately linked to human health and the onset and progression of diseases. In recent years, w...