The Dependence of Amino Acid Backbone Conformation on the Translated Synonymous Codon Is Not Statistically Significant

Re-evaluating the Influence of Synonymous Codons on Protein Backbone Conformation — A Dialectic Under Rigorous Statistical Testing in Structural Biology 1. Academic Background and Research Motivation In the fields of molecular biology and structural biology, the relationship between codons and protein structure has long been a focal point of resear...

A Specific Negatively Charged Sequence Confers Intramolecular Regulation on Munc13-1 Function in Synaptic Exocytosis

Unlocking a New Mechanism for the Regulation of Neurotransmitter Release: A Review of Munc13-1’s Novel Autoinhibitory Structure and Its Calcium-Modulated Role I. Academic Background and Research Motivation Signal transmission between neurons relies on chemical synapses, with precise neurotransmitter release from presynaptic terminals via synaptic e...

Regularly Updated Benchmark Sets for Statistically Correct Evaluations of AlphaFold Applications

Academic Background: Crossing into a New Era of Protein Structure Prediction Protein structure determination has long stood as one of the central challenges in molecular biology and life sciences. Traditional experimental methods such as X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and cryo-electron microscopy have provided a solid foun...

CryoTEN: Efficiently Enhancing Cryo-EM Density Maps Using Transformers

Academic Background Cryogenic Electron Microscopy (Cryo-EM) is a crucial experimental technique for determining the structures of macromolecules such as proteins. However, the effectiveness of Cryo-EM is often hindered by noise and missing density values caused by experimental conditions such as low contrast and conformational heterogeneity. Althou...