Academic Background Equilibrioception is a crucial ability for mammals to perceive and navigate the three-dimensional world. This ability relies on the rapid mechanoelectrical transduction (MET) response of vestibular hair cells (VHCs), which detects the position and motion of the head. Although previous studies have shown that transmembrane channe...

T cell receptors (TCRs) play a crucial role in the immune system by recognizing antigen peptides presented by major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs), thereby initiating immune responses against pathogens and tumor cells. However, the specificity of TCRs—their ability to distinguish self-antigens from non-self antigens—is central to the effective...

In modern society, sleep deficiency has become one of the major causes of metabolic diseases. Studies have shown that insufficient sleep increases energy intake, but its effects on energy expenditure remain unclear. Although some clinical research indicates that sleep-deprived populations exhibit greater energy intake, energy expenditure does not c...

Academic Background The completion of the Human Genome Project has greatly advanced our understanding of complex biological processes at the genome-wide level. However, only about 1% of the genome encodes proteins, with the majority consisting of non-coding regions that produce abundant non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA...

Academic Background When plants face pathogen invasion, they activate a series of complex defense mechanisms. Among these, reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a crucial role in plant immune responses. Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), as a major component of ROS, is considered a key signaling molecule in plant immunity. However, how H₂O₂ is sensed within pl...